was stalin a fair leader

Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [899] Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution". Advertisement New questions in English Select the verb (s) in the sentence. [933] A 2017 Pew Research survey had 57% of Georgians saying he played a positive role in history, compared to 18% of those expressing the same for Mikhail Gorbachev. [290], In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. [605], Churchill observed that an "Iron Curtain" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. [185] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[186] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. [763] This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. Reason 3: He was Stalin Reason 4: He killed between six million and 20 million people. The first step in Stalin's rise to power was to eliminate his opponent. [613] When the U.S. and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948. [381] In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD. [3] "Charismatic rule has long been neglected and ridiculed, but apparently it has deep roots and becomes a powerful stimulus once the proper psychological and social doubt that millions believe in it" (Neumann, 1942: p. 75). [ 1] Lenin had held the party together since 1917 and had been the central person to determine its policies. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the new Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. [727] Service also noted that Stalin "would never be Russian", could not credibly pass as one, and never tried to pretend that he was. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [604] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. [478] He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander,[479] as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka),[480] with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. [601] In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the Bolshoi Theatre alongside MarxistLeninist leaders from across Europe and Asia. [384] Historians have long debated whether Stalin's government had intended the famine to occur or not;[385] there are no known documents in which Stalin or his government explicitly called for starvation to be used against the population. [802] His taste in music and theatre was conservative, favouring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental "formalism". His introduction of the command . There was a power struggle among the Soviet Communist Party elite to succeed Stalin after his death in 1953. [822] After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that "the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews. [906] Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. [798] He protected several Soviet writers from arrest and prosecution, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, even when their work was labelled harmful to his regime. [409] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. In 1956, after Stalin's death, came a watershed moment: Communist leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced the Stalin personality cult and dictatorship, in a secret speech to the 20th Party Congress. [621] Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. Under Stalin, socialism in one country became a central tenet of the party's ideology. [646] Since the end of his life there has been speculation that a mental illness contributed to Stalin's brutishness. [437] Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government. Ideologically adhering to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, he formalised these ideas as MarxismLeninism, while his own policies are called Stalinism. [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. [356], Stalin desired a "cultural revolution",[357] entailing both creation of a culture for the "masses" and wider dissemination of previously elite culture. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. [415] After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. Stalin, in his tweet described Yadav as a tall socialist leader. [77] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. [159] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. [471], The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. Firstly, a strong reason why Stalin became the leader of the USSR was, in 1925 his policy of 'socialism in one country' proved very popular with party members. [676] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. [787] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[788] and was resentful,[789] and vindictive,[790] holding on to grudges for many years. [791] By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. Tamil Nadu Governor vs Stalin govt: Guv RN Ravi to visit Delhi again; second such visit within a week. [518], In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. [230] He also believed that the Red Army was ill-prepared to conduct an offensive war and that it would give White Armies a chance to resurface in Crimea, potentially reigniting the civil war. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin at least since 2008. [626] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. Why would we let them have guns?" Joseph Stalin 18 likes Like In 1952, Stalin's last book, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, was published. Stalin is also considered one of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders in history, his violent excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler. [338] In 1928, the first five-year plan was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry;[339] it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. Furthermore, Hitler, in contrast to Stalin, was able to add the authority of "spiritual founder" of national socialism to that of party leader. [34], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[35] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done? Eight years have passed since the last elections to the Supreme Soviet. [814] When at social events, he encouraged singing,[815] as well as alcohol consumption; he hoped that others would drunkenly reveal their secrets to him. [544] As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. [494] Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions;[495] the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. [449], As a MarxistLeninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. He was good at coercing people. [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. [419] In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas;[381] in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. In 1939, his regime signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in the Soviet invasion of Poland. [680] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[681] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. [712] This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals,[694] and served to discredit Trotskywho promoted the idea of "permanent revolution"by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. By 1937, he had absolute control over the party and government. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. [881] Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934,[882] with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. Not the Last Word", "The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 19291953", "Ukraine Court Finds Bolsheviks Guilty of Holodomor Genocide", Stalin Library (with all 13 volumes of Stalin's, Library of Congress: Revelations from the Russian Archives, Electronic archive of Stalin's letters and presentations, Joseph Stalin Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Stalin Biography from Spartacus Educational, A List of Key Documentary Material on Stalin, Stalinka: The Digital Library of Staliniana, Electronic archive of Stalins letters and presentations, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Stalin&oldid=1133956104, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 08:16. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. [844] When she died, Stalin allegedly said: "This creature softened my heart of stone. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. [6] His birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili,[d] and he was nicknamed "Soso", a diminutive of "Ioseb". 18 April 2019. [110] In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. [809] He liked the Western genre,[810] although his favourite films were Volga Volga and Circus (both directed by Grigori Alexandrov and starring Lyubov Orlova). This has been a period replete with events of a decisive nature. [860] Montefiore also claimed that Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[861] although he never recognised them as being his. [678] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[678] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. On the one hand, you can argue that Stalin was clearly an effective leader. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. Despite all that it is fair to say that Lenin was a successful leader without whom November revolution . [234] At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of "strategic mistakes" in his handling of the war. His work is disregarded as polemical, but has a strange life online, where it is cited regularly by anyone who wants to score a quick victory for Mao. 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. [725] According to Montefiore, despite Stalin's affinity for Russia and Russians, he remained profoundly Georgian in his lifestyle and personality. [592] Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8million by 1953. Stalin, under the rules of the Party, was now the de-facto successor of Lenin. Joseph Stalin epitomised the 'New Prince', who Machiavelli described, somehow unifying love and fear whilst simultaneously pursuing his ambitious political plan for Russia. [320] According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country. Millions more fell victim to forced labor, deportation, famine, massacres, and detention and interrogation by . [743] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution. [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [612], Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. [611] It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [926], Polling by the Levada Center suggest Stalin's popularity has grown since 2015, with 46% of Russians expressing a favourable view of him in 2017 and 51% in 2019. [510] In December 1942, he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city. Stalin was Georgian, but during his revolutionary campaigns, adopted the Soviet Nationality law and also changed his Georgian name to a Russian Name. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. Stalin in fact respected and liked when this happened. [3] He was born on 18 December[O.S. [580] In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. [548] On 8 August, in between the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet army invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria and defeated the Kwantung Army. [741], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [258] Lenin and Stalin argued on the issue of foreign trade; Lenin believed that the Soviet state should have a monopoly on foreign trade, but Stalin supported Grigori Sokolnikov's view that doing so was impractical at that stage. Stalin's chief ideological hatchet man, Andrey Zhdanov, a secretary of the Central Committee, began a reign of terror in the Soviet artistic and intellectual world; foreign achievements were derided, and the primacy of Russians as inventors and pioneers in practically every field was asserted. [98], In Baku, Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch[99] and edited two Bolshevik newspapers, Bakinsky Proletary and Gudok ("Whistle"). Joseph Stalin used savage tactics to keep his powers. [393] Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily. [457] Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. [399] During the later 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group although not Stalin were apprehended by the authorities. [896] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[896] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. [410] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [347], In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. [401] Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society. [286] The Left Opposition believed the NEP conceded too much to capitalism; Stalin was called a "rightist" for his support of the policy. [859] There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. [434] In May, this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. [576] He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. [660] His body was embalmed,[661] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. [285] Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. [542], In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. [332], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. [149] In or about December 1914, their child was born but the infant soon died. Lenin was selected as the leader of the country and the party. [113] In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months,[114] having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. One is the political scientist Rudolph Rummel (1932-2014), a non-China specialist who made wildly higher estimates than any other historianthat Mao was responsible for 77 million deaths. [319] In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled to other parts of the country or to concentration camps. [320] Large numbers died during the journey. [796], Keenly interested in the arts,[797] Stalin admired artistic talent. [870] Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. [92] In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. [891] Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. [358] He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. This attack proved unsuccessful. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles to Siberia. [645] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [940] There have also been requests by communist officials to canonize Stalin as an official saint, although these requests were never implemented the author referencing the church's suffering under Stalin's rule. Biography: Joseph Stalin became leader of the Soviet Union after the founder of the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin, died in 1924. As a result Stalin was left as the ruler of the Ussr. Myth [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. [538] An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. [608] There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. Stalin promotes an image of himself as a great benevolent leader and hero of the Soviet Union. [627], The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in 1948, in hopes of obtaining an ally in the Middle East. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. [616] Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. Ruthless in his conduct, moderate estimates suggest that he was directly responsible for the death of 40 million people. [105] They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. [136], Stalin's article Marxism and the National Question[137] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[138] Lenin was pleased with it. [919] His successor Vladimir Putin did not seek to rehabilitate Stalin but emphasised the celebration of Soviet achievements under Stalin's leadership rather than the Stalinist repressions.
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